Safety syringe needle device with interchangeable and retractable needle platform

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a safety syringe needle device which has medical and industrial application. More particularly, this invention pertains to a syringe which, after being used by a person to inject medication or fluid into a patient, or in sampling or exposure to toxic materials, or the like, can be transformed by the person to withdraw the needle into the barrel of the syringe for disposal purposes, thereby eliminating needlestick injuries among such persons. A syringe comprising (a) a hollow elongated barrel means; (b) penetration means which is adapted to removably engage with an end of the barrel means; (c) plunger means adapted to fit within and move axially in the hollow barrel means; the plunger means causing a pumping action within the interior of the barrel means between the plunger means and the end of the barrel means when the plunger means is pushed into the interior of the barrel means in the direction of the end of the barrel means; and (d) engaging means at the end of the plunger means proximate to the penetration means, the engaging means being adapted to engage the end of the penetration means when the plunger means is fully inserted into the interior of the barrel means in the direction of the end of the barrel means and cause the penetrating means to part from the end of the barrel means and to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel when the plunger means is withdrawn away from the end of the barrel means. An adapter for a syringe having a piston and a needle base fitting in the end of the syringe comprising: (a) a protrusion formed at one end of the adapter for fitting inside the hollow of a base affixed to a syringe needle; (b) releasable engagement means formed in the exterior of the adapter and being adapted to releasably engage with the interior of the needle receiving end of a syringe barrel; and an engagement means formed in the end of the adapter opposite the protrusion, said engagement means being adapted to engage with the piston end of a syringe plunger.

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/327,344, as filed Mar. 22, 1989 now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/285,012, as filed Dec. 14, 1988 now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a novel safety disposal syringe needle device which has medical and industrial application. More particularly, this invention pertains to a syringe which, after being used by a person to inject medication or fluid into a patient, or withdraw fluids from a patient after sampling or exposure to toxic materials, or the like, can be transformed by the person to withdraw the needle into the barrel of the syringe for disposal purposes, thereby eliminating needlestick injuries among such persons.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Needlestick injuries among medical personnel such as health care workers are of growing concern because of disease transmission, particularly the deadly virus known as HIV-1 (AIDS) and Hepatitis B. The AIDS virus for which there is no known cure is estimated to infect 5-10 million people worldwide and is spreading rapidly. Although in 1985 medical publications stated that no health care workers had become infected with the AIDS virus, it is now known that there is a significant risk to health care workers. A report in the New England Journal of Medicine, Aug. 14, 1988, indicates that the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection is 0.35-0.74% per needlestick injury. The reported incidence of needle stick injuries to medical staff has been reported at 25.3 per 100 beds annually. In one New York Hospital, at least 7% of house doctors have sustained needle stick injuries while caring for AIDS patients.

Transmission rates of Hepatitis B after needlestick exposure are much higher than that occurring with the HIV virus and may be 6-30%. The Center for Disease Control has estimated 200-300 health care workers die annually in the U.S.A. from occupationally acquired Hepatitis B.

With presently used syringes with projecting needles, potentially dangerous needlestick injuries are commonplace and most often occur between the time the medication is injected into the patient and the time the syringe is disposed of. Most injuries occur while recapping the needle or when disposing of it into a disposal container. However, maintenance personnel who handle disposed materials are also subject to needlestick injuries.

At present, there is no reason to believe that the AIDS epidemic will come to a quick end. Canada's frequency rate at the present time is 100.2 cases per 1,000,000. The United States is a frightening 377.1 cases per 1,000,000. In Canada, according to current data projections, the incidence of AIDS rate at least doubles every eighteen months.

A number of patents disclose syringes or the like having needle protecting features. U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,744, Jagger et al., June 3, 1986, illustrates a disposable medical needle apparatus with a self-sheathing needle assembly. The self-sheathing safety needle has a case with a small closed end and a large open end. A needle assembly is located within the case with the needle projecting through the small closed end. A hub is connected to the needle assembly inside the case. The connector on the hub cooperates with a receiver on the small end to hold the needle assembly in the case. A flange on the hub cooperates with an inward projection in the case based from the small end to prevent movement of the needle out of the case when the needle is withdrawn from the opening in the small end. The nozzle of a syringe pushed into the hub withdraws the needle when the syringe is withdrawn. A rubber stopper on a vacuum tube withdraws the needle after the rubber stopper turns the flange to release the connector from the receiver.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,370, granted Feb. 14, 1989, Haber et al., discloses a disposable disease control syringe which reduces the frequency of accidental needle strikes to health care workers and prevents health-threatening reuse of the needle cannula by drug abusers. The syringe includes a cylinder having an open proximal end, a substantially closed distal end, and a retractable needle projecting through the distal end. A piston assembly having a detachable stem and a needle capturing receptacle moves axially and distally through the syringe cylinder to expulse fluid medication and to selectively engage the needle at the most distal aspect of the cylinder. The piston assembly is then withdrawn proximally through the cylinder, whereby to relocate the needle from the distal end to the proximal cylinder end. The needle capturing receptacle is locked at the proximal end of the syringe cylinder with the needle cannula retracted within and completely shielded by the cylinder. The stem is then detached from the piston assembly and discarded, thereby creating a disposal cartridge with the needle cannula rendered permanently irretrievable therewithin. Alternatively, the piston assembly can be driven distally through the cylinder for correspondingly moving the needle into contact with a puncture resistant shield located at the distal end of the cylinder, whereby the needle is axially collapsed and destroyed within the cylinder.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,749, Caselgrandi et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,290, Weltman, disclose syringes with protected needle designs.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,057, Mitchell, discloses a syringe which has on the body of the syringe a needle guard which can be moved from a position which shields the needle, to a retracted position which exposes the needle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,120, Sampson, granted Jan. 10, 1984, also discloses a shielded hypodermic syringe with a needle guard mounted on the barrel which may be extended or retracted to protect or expose the needle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,976, Sampson et al., also discloses a shielded needle syringe comprising a needle guard which can be retracted or extended relative to the body of the syringe, means being provided for releasably retaining the guard in the retracted position. U.S. Pat. No. 3,884,230, Wulff, granted May 20, 1975, discloses a flexible needle and guard and device for a hypodermic syringe. This design appears to be directed mainly to avoiding breakage of the needle when the syringe is being used.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,713, Wardlaw, discloses an automatic disposable hypodermic syringe which has means for driving the hypodermic needle from a retracted position within the housing of the syringe to an injecting position whereby a portion of the needle protrudes from the housing. This device does not disclose a feature whereby the needle can be protected or retracted after use. U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,737 discloses a blood sampling syringe which includes an apparatus for protecting the open end of the needle of the syringe. The device is intended for minimizing risk of contamination of the needle tip after a blood sample has been taken. U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,543, Blum, granted May 12, 1981, discloses a hypodermic needle protection means which is designed so that the needle can be slidably moved to the interior of the needle support means upon application of pressure.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,544, Wardlaw, granted May 12, 1981, discloses an improved disposable syringe wherein retracting means movably mounted on the housing of the syringe is adapted to pull the needle from its projecting position to a safe position whereby the needle is covered by a portion of the syringe. U.S. Pat. No. 4,139,009, Alvarez, discloses a hypodermic needle assembly with a retractable needle cover, the needle cover comprising a plurality of elastically resilient arms extending between a hub portion and a slide member, the arms acting as a restoring force for urging the slide member back over the needle forward portion when the syringe is withdrawn from contact with the skin of a patient.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,964 discloses a device which is designed to withdraw blood from a patient. It is not a syringe per se. It is not used for injecting fluids into a patient. However, the device has the capacity to withdraw the needle into the barrel housing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a safety disposable syringe. More particularly, this invention pertains to a syringe which after being used by a health care person to inject medication or fluid into a patient or withdraw fluids from a patient, can be transformed by that person to withdraw the needle into the barrel of the syringe for disposal purposes, thereby eliminating the occurrence of needle sticking injuries among such health care persons. This syringe can also be used in industrial processes for sampling or adding substances which may be toxic. After such function, the needle is withdrawn into the barrel to prevent contamination at any further point in the process or during disposal. The syringe and retractable needle feature is adapted to be used with a variety of interchangeable needles of different diameter and length utilizing a universal Luer lock coupling mechanism.

The invention pertains to a syringe comprising: (a) a hollow elongated barrel means; (b) penetration means which is adapted to removably engage with an end of the barrel means; (c) plunger means adapted to fit within and move axially in the hollow barrel means; the plunger means causing a pumping action within the interior of the barrel means between the plunger means and the end of the barrel means when the plunger means is pushed into the interior of the barrel means in the direction of the end of the barrel means; and (d) engaging means at the end of the plunger means proximate to the penetration means, the engaging means being adapted to engage the penetration means when the plunger means is fully inserted into the interior of the barrel means in the direction of the end of the barrel means and cause the penetrating means to part from the barrel means and to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel when the plunger means is withdrawn away from the end of the barrel means.

In the syringe, the penetrating means can be a hollow needle which is pointed at one end thereof, and at the end opposite to the pointed end is formed to mate with the penetration means engaging end of the barrel means. An abutting means can be positioned within the interior of the barrel means and permits the plunger to be inserted into the interior of the barrel means through one end but deters the plunger means from being withdrawn from the interior of the barrel means. Alternatively, the barrel means may have two abutting means in the interior of the barrel means, the two abutting means being adapted to trap the plunger means between them when the plunger means is partially withdrawn from the barrel means.

In the syringe as defined, the engaging means may be a hook. The needle engaging means may be a female and male thread combination which is engaged by rotating the plunger relative to the barrel and penetrating means. Alternatively, the engaging means may be a cam-lock combination, the cam on the base of the needle penetrating means engaging with a receiving groove formed in the needle proximate end of the plunger, the cam-lock means engaging by rotating the plunger relative to the barrel.

In another version of the syringe, the end of the plunger proximate the penetrating means can be formed with a snap-over attachment, and the end of the penetrating means proximate the plunger can be formed with a projection which is adapted to receive and be secured by the snap-over attachment.

In a further embodiment of the syringe, the penetration means at the end proximate the plunger may be bent radially, and mate with a groove formed in the end of the plunger proximate to the bent end of the penetration means, the bent end of the penetration means and the groove in the plunger being engaged by rotating the plunger relative to the barrel of the syringe.

The needle engaging means in the syringe can be a dual female thread combination, the dual threads being formed in opposite ends of the engaging means, and a male thread means being formed on the exterior of the engaging means outside one of the female threads, the exterior male thread means being of opposite thread rotation to the dual female thread means. The end of the needle proximate to the engaging means can have a male thread removably engageable with the proximate female thread of the engaging means. The plunger proximate to the engaging means can have a male thread engageable with the female thread of the engaging means opposite to the female thread engaging the male thread of the needle means.

The invention also relates to an adapter for a syringe having a piston and a needle base fitting in the end of the syringe comprising: (a) a protrusion formed at one end of the adapter for fitting inside the hollow of a base affixed to a syringe needle; (b) releasable engagement means formed in the exterior of the adapter and being adapted to releasably engage with the interior of the needle receiving end of a syringe barrel; and (c) an engagement means formed in the end of the adapter opposite the protrusion, said engagement means being adapted to engage with the piston end of a syringe plunger.

The piston engaging means of the adapter can be a spiral thread and the releasable engagement means can be a male thread. The penetration means of the syringe can be releasably engaged with the end of the barrel means by means of an adapter, and the adapter means can be adapted to engage with the engaging means at the end of the plunger means proximate to the penetration means by rotating the plunger means. The adapter means can be releasably connected to the end of the barrel means by a female-male thread combination, and the means of the adapter means adapted to engage the engaging means of the plunger means can be a spiral thread combination with locking means.

The penetration means of the syringe can be a needle which is fitted with a Luer lock, the Luer lock being engaged with the adapter means. The needle-Luer lock combination and the adapter can be disengaged from the end of the barrel means by latch means which engages with the adapter when the plunger means is pushed to the needle end of the barrel and rotated to minimally withdraw and activate the engagement means.

The adapter can protrude partially from the penetration means end of the hollow barrel means and can have a thread direction which is the same as or opposite to the thread direction of the barrel means engaging the penetration means. The adapter can be designed to protrude partially from the penetration end of a syringe barrel.

DRAWINGS

In the drawings which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but which should not be construed as restricting the spirit or scope of the invention in any way:

FIG. 1a illustrates a side elevation view of the needle and hub components of a first embodiment of the syringe;

FIG. 1b illustrates a side elevation view of the barrel of a first embodiment of the syringe;

FIG. 1c illustrates a side elevation view of the plunger, bung and hook of a first embodiment of the syringe;

FIG. 1d illustrates an end elevation view of the hook;

FIG. 2 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a first embodiment of the syringe assembly with the needle and hub secured to an end of the barrel, and the plunger and its bung and hook partially inserted into the interior of the barrel, prior to use of the syringe;

FIG. 3 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a first embodiment of the syringe assembly with the plunger and its bung and hook fully inserted into the interior of the barrel so that the hook extends into the interior of hub;

FIG. 4 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a first embodiment of the syringe with the plunger, bung, hook and needle fully withdrawn into the interior of the barrel and the distal end of the plunger broken-off from the bung end of the plunger;

FIG. 5 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of an alternative embodiment of the syringe which has a double screw action needle and hub engagement mechanism and the end of the plunger away from the needle and hub engagement mechanism has therein a cavity which can fit over the opening in the end of the plunger after the needle and hub are withdrawn into the interior of the barrel.

FIG. 6 illustrates a detail view of the double screw action needle and hub engagement mechanism.

FIG. 7 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of the needle and hub withdrawn into the interior of the barrel and the broken away part of the plunger placed over the opening in the head end of the barrel.

FIG. 8 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a second embodiment of the syringe with a screw-lock plunger-needle hub connection;

FIG. 9 illustrates a detailed side elevation partial-section view taken along section A--A of FIG. 11 of a first design of a plunger with a right-hand or left-hand cam-lock rotation to secure the plunger to the needle hub for withdrawing the needle into barrel of the syringe;

FIG. 10 illustrates a detailed side elevation partial-section view taken along section A--A of FIG. 11 of a second design of a plunger with a right-hand or left-hand cam-lock rotation to secure the plunger to the needle hub and a second right-hand or left-hand rotation locking means which provides a double locking action between the plunger and needle hub;

FIG. 11 illustrates an end elevation view of the needle end of the syringe illustrated in FIG. 8;

FIG. 12 is a section view taken along section line B--B of FIG. 9 showing the syringe barrel handle and syringe plunger handle at a 45° angle to one another to activate the right-hand rotation cam locking action;

FIG. 13 illustrates a detailed side elevation partial-section view of side scoring on a plunger of a syringe with an oval flange cam lock;

FIG. 14, which appears on the same sheet as FIG. 11, illustrates a detailed end elevation view of the cam lock mechanism of the embodiment of the syringe illustrated in FIG. 9;

FIG. 15 illustrates a top elevation partial-section view of a plunger with a snap-on socket type needle hub connection;

FIG. 16 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a plunger with a snap-on socket type needle hub connection;

FIG. 17 illustrates a top elevation partial-section view of a plunger with a snap-on socket type needle hub connection combined with a right-hand rotation option;

FIG. 18 illustrates a section view taken along section line A--A of FIG. 16;

FIG. 19 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a bent needle embodiment of a needle hub connection;

FIG. 20 illustrates a top elevation partial-section view of a bent needle embodiment of a needle hub connection;

FIG. 21 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a bent needle embodiment of a needle hub connection coupled with a right-hand rotation option;

FIG. 22 illustrates a detailed end view of the diagonal slot in the end of the piston-plunger with the bent needle end fitted in the slot;

FIG. 23 illustrates a detailed end view of the diagonal slot in the end of the piston-plunger rotated in the slot to grip the bent end of the needle;

FIG. 24 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of an embodiment of the syringe wherein the needle and hub are rotatably detachable from the barrel and the plunger threadedly engages the interior of the hub;

FIG. 25a illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of the syringe with the needle and hub drawn within the interior of the barrel and the remote end of the plunger that is broken away, formed with a hollow threaded cap-like opening; and

FIG. 25b illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of the syringe with the broken away plunger portion threadedly engaged with the male threaded end of the hub at the top of the barrel.

FIGS. 25c and 25d illustrate sequential side elevation views of an alternative design of syringe where the part of the plunger adjacent the break away weak point is threaded and is screwed into the opening in the end of the barrel vacated by the needle and hub when pulled into the barrel.

FIG. 26 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of an embodiment of the syringe wherein the piston is adapted with a latch which snaps into place in an adapter after the piston is fully depressed and rotated.

FIG. 27 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of an adapter which mates with the needle platform.

FIG. 28 illustrates a side elevation section view taken along section line C--C of FIG. 29.

FIG. 29 illustrates an end view of the latch mechanism of the piston depicted in FIG. 26.

FIG. 30 illustrates a side elevation view of an alternative design of adapter;

FIG. 31 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of the alternative design of adapter; and

FIG. 32 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of an embodiment of the syringe wherein an adapter is mounted partially exterior the front end of the syringe to provide a longer length in the barrel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Most disposable syringes can be used with a variety of interchangeable needles with different diameter and length. The needles are connected by what is known as a Luer connector, which may be of two types. One is a simple conical device which accepts the needle base. This version is often described as a Luer tip. To detach the needle, it is simply pulled off. The other connector type is often described as a Luer lock. The Luer lock has a simple screw thread locking mechanism that permits the base of the needle to be screwed on to the syringe so that it cannot be pulled off without unscrewing. In this disclosure, the universal coupling mechanism connecting the needle to the syringe will be referred to as a Luer lock version of the Luer connector unless otherwise indicated. It should be recognized that the claims to the invention relate to both the plain Luer tip and the Luer lock mechanisms. The interchangability capability of a Luer lock allows for the most appropriate needle to be used for syringe filling and patient injection. In many cases, to save time, a different larger needle is used to fill the syringe with fluid prior to injection. A needle of fine calibre to minimize pain to the patient, and tissue damage, is often used for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. In addition, if the same needle is used to puncture a vial in order to fill the syringe with medication, there is a potential for contamination of that needle from the vial, if the vial stopper carries a contaminant. Under most circumstances, this would not pose a significant risk. However, if the patient has reduced immunity to infection, the ability to change to an entirely new sterile needle for patient injection may become important.

Although the prior art describes syringes which can protect the needle by a variety of means, including those which involve withdrawing the needle into the interior of the barrel of the syringe, such syringes do not allow for interchangability of the needle or for the universal Luer lock coupling mechanism which is an important feature of the syringe. Most commercially available syringes employ a Luer lock. Since the subject invention is adapted for use with a Luer lock, it can directly replace syringes currently in use and requires no change in technique or procedure until after the syringe has been used. In addition, most currently produced needles can be used in the usual manner on this syringe.

After use, once the needle has been withdrawn into the barrel, the syringe plunger can be snapped off. It is designed so that it can be screwed onto the front of the syringe and thereby prevent any possibility of the needle within the barrel protruding through the front of the syringe again. This is an important factor for a health care worker using the syringe and also for any healthcare workers subsequently handling garbage which might contain a contaminated syringe.

This invention pertains to a syringe which, after being used by a health care worker or hazardous industries worker, or the like, to inject medication or fluid into a patient, or withdraw fluid from a patient, or in sampling toxic material, for example, in an industrial process, can be transformed by the worker to withdraw the needle into the barrel of the syringe for disposal purposes, thereby eliminating potentially harmful needlestick injuries among such workers. In industrial applications, the storage of a contaminated needle is similarly effected within the barrel to prevent further contamination of the environment or process.

With any of the various embodiments of the basic syringe design, the needle is retracted by the user into the interior of the body of the syringe immediately after it is withdrawn from the patient's body tissue, or after exposure to hazardous situations. Thus, the needle is not exposed for accidental contact at any time after the needle has contacted the potentially hazardous patient's body fluids, or other hazardous materials. This retraction feature eliminates the possibility of potentially dangerous needlestick injuries occurring with contaminated needles.

The safety syringe of the invention is simple to operate and is only slightly more expensive to manufacture than presently used syringes. Another advantage is that the syringe design closely resembles currently used syringes and thus there should be no difficulty in obtaining good acceptance among workers such as medical institutional workers. Moreover, the operation of the subject syringe is easy to teach to such workers and requires no unusual skills or manual dexterity.

Syringes that are in current commercial use normally consist of four components, a needle cap which is removed prior to use, a hollow needle which is mounted on a hub with a Luer lock, a barrel to which the hub is attached, and a plunger with a bung (piston) at the head end of the plunger. The plunger is inserted within the barrel head end first and can be pushed into the interior of the barrel in order to pump fluid contained in the barrel out through the interior of the hollow needle. The subject invention, in various embodiments, includes several basic modifications which do not dramatically change the appearance of the conventional syringe.

Referring to the drawings, FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate the three basic components which make up a first embodiment of the novel needle retractable syringe. FIG. 1a illustrates in side elevation partial section view the construction and interaction of the needle 2 and cup 4 which fits detachably within the interior of hub 6 of the syringe. Hub 6 has a female thread in the base of its interior. FIG. 1b illustrates in side elevation partial section view the construction interaction of the barrel 8, the partially closed threaded hub receiving end 10, which is located at the top of the barrel 8, and the barrel base 12 which is formed at the bottom the barrel 8. A circular rim-like catch 14 is formed in the interior of the barrel 8 immediately above the barrel base 12 and provides a stop to deter full withdrawal of the plunger 16 from the interior of the barrel 8. Alternatively the needle may during manufacture be affixed integrally to the syringe base and be removable only during retraction into the barrel after the syringe has been used.

FIG. 1c illustrates the construction of the plunger 16, which includes a bung (piston) 18 which fits snuggly against the interior of the barrel 8 and serves to force the liquid contents of the interior of the hollow barrel 8 (usually medication) out the interior of the hollow needle 2, and in a common situation into the body of a patient, when the plunger 16 is manually pushed into the interior of the barrel 8. A thumb or finger press 20 is formed at the base of the plunger 16, while the base 22 of the bung 18 serves to align the plunger 16 within the interior of the barrel 8, and deter full withdrawal of the plunger 16 from the barrel 8 by abutting catch 14. Affixed to the top central area of the bung 18 is a five tine metal hook 24.

FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate in sequential side elevation partial-section views, the syringe in assembled state, with the components in various positions. FIG. 2 illustrates the syringe assembly when it is charged with a fluid such a fluid medication, or the like, ready for use. The fluid is contained in the volume space immediately above the bung 18 and below the threaded hub receiving end 10. When the plunger 16 is fully pushed by thumb or finger press 20 upwardly into the interior of the barrel 8, the fluid contents of the syringe are extruded by plunger 16 and bung 18 through the hollow interior of needle 2 and out the pointed end. At the same time, one or more of the tynes of the hook 24 engages with the interior of cup 4 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Subsequently, as illustrated in FIG. 4, when the plunger 16 is almost fully withdrawn from the interior of barrel 8, the hook 24 pulls the cup 4, and the attached needle 2, downwardly through the interior of hub 6, and into the interior of barrel 8. Thus all of the needle 2 is retracted into the interior of the barrel 8. If desired, the portion of the plunger 16 which extends beyond base 12 can be broken off at the weakened section, as illustrated in FIG. 4, and the two components disposed of in smaller pieces.

As seen in FIG. 1a, the metal of the needle is extended to form a bell shaped cup 4, which fits within the interior of and is affixed to the plastic hub 6. By using this construction, in this embodiment, the likelihood that a break will occur between the needle 2 and the cup 4 is minimized. The needle 2 and the cup 4 are formed in one piece, and since the metal is stronger than the plastic forming the hub 6, a break between the metal and the plastic is encouraged.

When the plunger 16 is fully depressed into the interior of the barrel 8, the one or more of the tynes of hook 24 engage the interior of the cup 4, and then, when the plunger 16 is withdrawn, the hook 24 pulls on the interior of the cup 4 and causes it to break away from hub 6. Once a full break has been made, needle 2 and cup 4 are drawn into the interior of the barrel 8 by further withdrawing the plunger 16.

The syringe of the invention has a built-in safety feature in that the needle 2 can only be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8 up to the point that guide 22 abuts the catch 14 located around the interior rim of the base of the barrel 8. Thus, unless considerable effort is exerted, it is not possible to pull the needle 2 cap 4 and plunger 16 completely through the barrel 8. The catch 14 is designed so that when the components are assembled, it is easy to insert the bung 18, with the hook 24, and the guide 22 through the interior of the one-way catch 14, and into the interior of the barrel 8 but it is difficult to fully withdraw these components. Once the needle 2 is withdrawn into the barrel 8 by hook 24, it is not supported laterally and tips to one side against the barrel 8, thereby making it virtually impossible to push the needle 2 back through the hub 6. The tynes of hook 24 are not necessarily of the same length, which encourages tipping of the needle 2 to one side. Breaking off the portion of the plunger 16 that extends beyond barrel base 12 ensures that the used needle 2 cannot be pushed back through hub 6, thereby exposing the sharp point of the needle 2 beyond hub 6. Also, it is usually easier to dispose of two smaller shorter components than one elongated one.

FIGS. 5 through 31, illustrate nine alternative embodiments of the body fluids precautions syringe.

FIG. 5 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of a preferred embodiment of the syringe which has a double screw action needle and hub engagement mechanism 80. The end of the plunger 16 away from the needle and hub engagement mechanism 80 has therein a cavity 82 which can fit over the cup 84 and opening in the end of the barrel 8 after the needle 2 and hub 6 are withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8 (See FIG. 7).

FIG. 6 illustrates a detail view of the double screw action needle and hub engagement mechanism 80. The mechanism 80 is constructed so that it has right hand female thread 86 of one size diameter in a cup-like opening at one side, a right hand female thread 88 of a narrower size diameter in a cup-like opening in the opposite side, and a left-hand male thread 90 on the exterior of the mechanism 80 outside the interior female thread 88.

Hub 6 screws into female thread 88 and the syringe is used in this configuration for injecting medication into a patient. However after use, to operate the mechanism 80, to enable the needle to be withdrawn into the barrel 8, the head end of the plunger and bung 18 are screwed right handed into the female thread 86. Once fully engaged, then further right hand action on left-handed thread 90, unscrews thread 90. The entire mechanism 80 including the needle 2 can then be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8. The right hand and left hand threads can, of course, be reversed to operate in the reverse manner, if that is required.

FIG. 7 illustrates a side elevation partial section view of the needle 2 and hub 6 withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8 and the cavity 82 of the broken away part of the plunger 16 placed over the opening and cup 84 in the head end of the barrel 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of a second embodiment of the syringe which is constructed to have a screw-lock plunger-needle hub connection. As can be seen in FIG. 8, the barrel 8 has the syringe plunger 16 disposed therein. The plunger 16 carries at its frontal end (the left end as seen in FIG. 8) a piston 26 which is constructed of a resilient material such as resilient rubber so that it snugly engages the inner cylindrical surface of the barrel 8. The piston 26 is connected to the plunger 16 by means of a plunger flange 36. The frontal end of the plunger 16 is constructed to have therein a cylindrical cavity which has a female thread 28 formed in the wall of the cavity. The base of the hub 6 is constructed to have a male hub thread 34, which is formed to match and engage the female thread 28 formed in the opening in the front end of the plunger 16. FIG. 8 also illustrates piston stop 15 formed in the rear end of the interior of the barrel 8 (the right side as seen in FIG. 8). Piston stop 15 serves the same purpose as catch 14 as discussed in relation to FIGS. 1 to 4 above. A cap 32 protects the needle 2 and fits over the hub 6. Cap 32, when engaged after the needle 2 is withdrawn prevents exposure of the needle 2 if it is accidentally pushed back through the opening at the forward end of the syringe.

In use, the plunger 16 and piston 26 are disposed within barrel 8 as illustrated in FIG. 8. The cap 32 is removed and the pointed end of the needle 2 is inserted into the medication. At this time, female hub thread 34 is not engaged in male thread 28. The fluid medication is drawn into the interior of the barrel 8 by suction action created by withdrawing press 20 and plunger 16 from the interior of barrel 8, as is conventional. Once the desired quantity of medication has been drawn into the interior of the barrel 8, and air is eliminated, the sharp end of the needle 2 is inserted into an appropriate location on the patient. The medication that is held within the interior of barrel 8 is injected through the interior of needle 2 into the patient by asserting thumb or finger pressure on press 20. Once the medication has been injected into the patient, the piston 26 has moved to the position illustrated in FIG. 8. It is then necessary to initiate the action which is ultimately used to withdraw the hub 6 and the needle 2 into the interior of the barrel 8. This is done by asserting a clockwise rotation on press 20, which engages male hub thread 34 in female thread 28 in the end of plunger 16 (assuming that threads 28 and 34 are right-hand threads). Hub 6 and plunger 16 are then intimately engaged by threads 34 and 28 interacting with each other. Press 20 can then be withdrawn to pull the plunger 16 from the interior of barrel 8. By this action, the hub 6 and needle 2 are pulled into the interior of barrel 8 until the rear end of piston 26 comes to rest against piston stop point 15. At this point, the plunger break point 30 has been withdrawn exterior of barrel 8, and consequently plunger 16 can be broken into two parts at the plunger break point 30. The two parts of the syringe can then be disposed of with complete safety since the needle 2, which might have been exposed to harmful virus, or the like, has been withdrawn into the interior of barrel 8, while the part of the syringe 16 that has been broken away at break point 30, has not been exposed to any medicine and can be discarded without danger. It will be recognized that break point 30 is an option which need not necessarily be built into plunger 16. Breaking the syringe into two parts permits easy disposal whereas one elongated syringe, with the plunger withdrawn might be difficult to dispose of in certain instances.

FIG. 9 illustrates a detailed side elevation partial-section view taken along section line A--A of FIG. 11 of a first design of a piston 26 with a right-hand cam-lock rotation (rather than a thread configuration) to secure the forward end of the piston 26 to the needle hub 6 for withdrawing the needle 2 into the barrel of the syringe. The cam-lock option illustrated in FIG. 9 operates by asserting a right-hand rotation on the press 20, relative to the barrel 8. In this way, cam-lock ridge 42, which is formed in the base of hub 6, rotates into helical engagement with cam-lock groove 44. This combination replaces the male hub thread 34 and female thread 28 combination illustrated in FIG. 8, as discussed previously. Once the cam-lock ridge 42 is engaged snugly within cam-lock groove 44, the needle 2 and hub 6 can be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates a detailed side elevation partial-section view of a second design of a plunger with a right-hand cam-lock rotation (similar to that illustrated in FIG. 9). However, the design shown in FIG. 10 also includes a second hub rim 38 which is formed in the base area of hub 6. The purpose of hub rim 38 is to engage left hand thread 40, which is formed in the interior of the barrel 8, which houses the hub 6. The alternative option illustrated in FIG. 10 includes the right-hand cam-lock ridge 42, cam-lock groove 44 combination, discussed in association with FIG. 9, but it has a second feature. A right-hand male hub rib 38 is formed in the exterior of hub 6 forward of cam-lock ridge 42. A matching right hand female thread 40 is formed in the interior of the forward end of barrel 8, that is, the end which surrounds hub 6. To operate the double action embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, cam-lock ridge 42 is first engaged in cam-lock groove 44 by clockwise (right hand) rotating press 20 relative to barrel base 12 (see FIG. 8) and then, by means of a second right handed (counterclockwise) rotation, hub rim 38 is engaged within female left hand thread 40. The needle 2 and hub 6 are then double engaged by two right hand twists and can then be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8. The double-action engagement mechanism ensures proper secure engagement of the plunger and hub.

It should be recognized that the first and second options illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 respectively can be used in any of the alternative embodiments of the invention that are illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 23. It should also be recognized that the double-action locking mechanism illustrated in FIG. 10 can be right-right, left-left, right-left or left-right.

FIG. 11 illustrates an end elevation view of the needle end of the syringe illustrated in FIG. 8, and clearly illustrates the eccentric construction of right-hand cam-lock ridge 42. Ridge 42 is constructed generally in the form of an oval, the opposite ends of the oval being adapted to engage in the right-hand grooves of the cam-lock groove 44 (see FIG. 9 or 10).

FIG. 12 is a section view taken along section line B--B of FIG. 9 and illustrates the syringe barrel base 12 and the press 20 rotated clockwise 45° relative to one another. This clockwise action engages cam-lock ridge 42 in cam-lock groove 44.

FIG. 13 illustrates in detail a side elevation partial-section view of right-hand side scoring on the interior frontal opening a plunger of the syringe adapted for use with the oval flange cam-lock. As can be seen, by means of the helically angled right-hand groove 44, the right-hand oval shaped ridges 42, when they become mated in the interior of the pair of cam-lock grooves 44, rotate relative to one another in a helical fashion, thereby creating a secure fit.

FIG. 14 illustrates a detailed end view of the cam-lock mechanism of the embodiment of the syringe illustrated in FIG. 9. Barrel 8 and cam-lock ridge 42 are shown in solid lines. The dotted lines represent the cam-lock groove 44.

FIG. 15 illustrates a top elevation partial-section view of a plunger 16 which is equipped with an alternative design engaging mechanism, namely a snap-on socket type needle hub connection. FIG. 16 illustrates a side elevation view of the snap-on socket type needle hub connection illustrated in FIG. 15. As can be seen in these two illustrations, the forward end of the plunger 16 is constructed so that it has a "snap-on" fastener 46, which, when the plunger 16 is pushed strongly (in a leftwardly direction as seen in FIG. 16) snaps over and embraces the longitudinal knob-like end 48 that is formed in the base of hub 6. The snap-on fastener 46 and knob 48 engagement combination is an alternative embodiment which replaces the cam-lock ridge 42 and cam-lock groove 44 combination illustrated in FIGS. 9 through 14, as discussed previously. Unlike the thread combination 28, 34 (FIG. 8) and cam-lock combinations (FIGS. 9 to 14), no rotational action is required to engage fastener 46 and knob 48. Once snap-on fastener 46 has been pushed over snap-over knob 48, the hub 6 and needle 2 can be withdrawn into the interior of barrel 8 by pulling press 20 from the barrel 8.

FIG. 17 illustrates the snap-on fastener 46-snap over knob 48 embodiment discussed previously in relation to FIGS. 15 and 16, but includes the option of a right-hand hub rim 38 and a right hand thread 40 secondary engagement mechanism (as discussed in detail previously in association with FIG. 10).

FIG. 18 illustrates a section view of the syringe taken along section line A--A of FIG. 16. The rectangular construction of the snap-on fastener 46, which fits over snap over knob 48, can be readily seen. Also visible in FIG. 18 are the plunger flange 36 (shown in dotted lines), barrel 8, needle 2, and barrel base 12. FIGS. 15 to 18 illustrate a cylindrical embodiment. It should be understood that alternative shapes such as hexagonal or octagonal can be used. The advantage would be that such a configuration would allow for rotary movement to be transferred to the needle assembly and allow it to be broken away by rotation rather than by simple traction.

FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate respectively side and top elevation partial-section views of a further alternative engaging mechanism, namely a bent needle hub engaging embodiment of the syringe. FIG. 19, which depicts the side elevation view, incorporates the first option (that is, without optional hub rim 38, and right hand thread 40 combination). FIG. 19 shows how the base end of the needle 2 is bent at right angles to form an upwardly projecting end 50. The end 50 fits into a slot and groove 52, which is formed in the forward end of the plunger 16. By rotating the plunger 16, and piston 26 about 90° relative to end 50, the end 50 engages in slot 52, thereby securely connecting the head end of plunger 16 with hub 6 and needle 2. This engagement allows the hub 6 and needle 2 to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8, as described previously. FIG. 21 illustrates the bent needle embodiment that was discussed above in relation to FIGS. 19 and 20, but including the option of a hub rim 38, and a right hand thread 40, formed in the hub 6 to provide a double engagement mechanism. As mentioned previously, either option 1 or option 2 (FIG. 9 or 10), can be utilized in all embodiments of the syringe as discussed.

FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate a detailed end view of slot 52 and needle end 50, the slot 52 being formed in the head end of the plunger 16. The bent needle end 50 is first inserted in slot 52, as illustrated in FIG. 22, and then the end 50 is rotated 90° into an groove opening formed in the interior of the plunger 16, thereby engaging the base end of the needle 2 with the plunger 16.

FIG. 24 illustrates a side-elevation partial-section view of an embodiment of the syringe wherein the needle and hub are rotatably detachable from the barrel and the plunger threadedly engages the interior of the hub. The base of the needle 2 is threadedly and removably engageable with the hub 63 by threads 62. In turn the hub 63 is threadedly and removably engageable with the barrel 8 by thread 64. The head end of the plunger 16 can engage with the interior of the hub 63 by interior threads 65 and withdraw needle 2 and hub 63 into the interior of the barrel 8. The interior of the head end of barrel 8 is shaped like an "M". The angled ends deter the needle 2 from pushing back through the opening in the end of the barrel 8.

FIG. 25a illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of the syringe with the needle and hub drawn within the interior of the barrel and the remote end of the plunger that is broken away, formed with a hollow threaded cap-like opening; and

FIG. 25b illustrates a side-elevation partial-section view of the syringe with the broken away plunger portion threadedly engaged with the male threaded end of the hub at the top of the barrel.

As shown in FIG. 25a, the hub 6 can be formed so that it has male threads 70 around its circumference. Correspondingly, a mating cavity with mating female thread 72 can be formed in the thumb press end of plunger 16. If need be, the thumb press end of plunger 16 can be widened at location 74 in order to accommodate the cavity with the female thread 72.

With this embodiment, when the plunger 16 is broken away at break point 30, it can be used to cover the open end of syringe 8 by screwing female threads 72 onto male threads 70 of hub 6. In this way, both ends of the barrel 8 are closed, and there is no way that the potentially contaminated needle 2 can escape the interior of barrel 8.

Alternatively, once the plunger has been broken, the end distant from the thumb press and proximate to the fracture site can be fashioned to allow it to fit snuggly or screw into the now open end of the barrel (from which the needle has now been withdrawn into the barrel). If required, a second fracture site (not shown) can be fashioned in the plunger. This permits the plunger to be broken off at either of the two fracture sites according to the performance of the user.

FIGS. 25c and 25d illustrate sequential side elevation views of an alternative design of syringe where the part of the plunger 16 adjacent the break away weak point 30 is threaded 78 and is screwed into female threads 76 of the opening in the end of the barrel 8 vacated by the needle 2 and hub when pulled into the barrel 8.

FIG. 26, illustrates a side elevation partial-section view of an embodiment of the syringe wherein the piston is adapted with a latch which snaps into place in an adapter (platform) after the piston is fully depressed and rotated clockwise. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 26 depicts the needle 2 embedded in a Luer lock 100, associated with the constricted end 10 of syringe barrel 8. The plunger 16 with a finger press 20 at the remote end thereof is positioned inside barrel 8. A stop catch 14 prevents the plunger 16 from being totally withdrawn from the interior of the barrel 8. Bung 18, which provides a tight fit with the interior of barrel 8, is mounted on the end of plunger 16 opposite finger press 20.

The operative needle engagement and detachment mechanism illustrated in FIG. 26 is a combination of an adapter 102, which cooperates with Luer lock 100, the combination fitting into the narrow end 10 of barrel 8. The end of plunger 16 opposite finger press 20 has a latch mechanism 104 formed inside bung 18. A pair of prongs 106 are formed in latch 104 and engage into grooves 108 in adapter 102 when the plunger 16 is rotated in a clockwise direction. Once the pair of prongs 106 engage in the respective grooves 108 of the adapter 102, then the plunger 16 is rotated further clockwise which then, because of the left hand threads 110 engaging the interior of the narrow end 10, causes the adapter, and the needle with the Luer lock 100, to disengage from the narrow end 10. At this point, the needle 2, Luer lock 100, adapter 102, and bung 18 can be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 8 by pulling finger press 20 away from the narrow end 10 of the syringe.

As can be recognized, the adapter 102 is an important feature of this embodiment of the invention. The adapter enables a standard Luer lock 100 to indirectly mate with latch 104 at the end of plunger 16. Moreover, the adapter 110 is designed so that it accommodates different sizes of needle 2 and Luer lock 100.

FIG. 26 illustrates a narrow point in the plunger which assists in breaking the plunger in two. If required, or desirable, two or more additional narrow points can be included to permit breakage at alternative locations.

FIG. 27 illustrates in side elevation partial section view a preferred embodiment of the adapter 102. Nose 112 is adapted to fit inside the hollow of a standard Luer lock 100. The left hand thread 110 is also shown in FIG. 27. The adapter 102 has opposite the nose 112 a cup-like edge 114 which is formed to receive the front end of latch 104. Formed inside the rim of cup 114 is a protrusion 116 which has a pair of fast acting spiral male threads 118 formed thereon. Prong engaging grooves 108 are also formed in the interior of the protrusion 116 at the point where the protrusion 116 joins with the cup 114. The advantage of this adapter design is that with the fast acting spiral threads 118 force alignment without jamming. Full axial movement is possible with no rotation forced by the alignment threads. Then after full depression of the plunger, rotation will disengage the adapter 102 and allow the prongs 106 to engage in grooves 108. Rapid engagement between the prongs 106 in grooves 108 is achieved by minimal rotation of the plunger 16. At that point, further clockwise rotation of the plunger 16 by means of finger press 20 causes the threads 110 of adapter 102 to disengage from the interior narrow end 10. The needle 2 assembly can then be withdrawn into the interior of barrel 8.

FIG. 28 illustrates a section view taken along section lines C--C of FIG. 29. FIG. 28 depicts a detailed view of the construction of the latch 104 and prongs 106. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 28, the latch 104 has a pair of alignment ridges 120 formed in the interior of latch 104. These alignment ridges 120 assist engagement of the latch 104 with adapter 102.

FIG. 30, which illustrates a side view of an alternative design of adapter 102, and FIG. 31, which illustrates a partial cutaway section view of the adapter depicted in FIG. 30, illustrate flared grooves 122, which are adapted to receive ridges 120 of latch 104. The flare assists in enabling the ridges 120 to be received into grooves 122. In this embodiment, the adapter does not have the fast acting non-jamming spiral threads 118, depicted in the adapter design illustrated in FIG. 27.

The adapter 102 has a rim 124 which is designed to engage with the rim 126 of the Luer lock 100 to hold the two snugly together.

The embodiments of the invention depicted in FIGS. 26 to 31 have a number of advantages:

1. The preferred embodiment allows for universal coupling with all Luer lock needle connections.

2. Needle interchangeability during use of the syringe is possible, that is, different needles can be used for filling the vial and for injecting the patient.

3. The needle platform (adapter) design allows for compatibility of the syringe with other custom design needles or any subsequent needle design, merely by altering the outer needle connection configuration platform.

4. The syringe hub can be permanently closed after use of the syringe by screwing on the broken plunger stalk after withdrawal of the needle into the barrel.

5. The novel coupling mechanism between the platform and the plunger allows full axial movement of the plunger without the possibility of an inadvertent locking. But deliberate rotational action permits locking of the coupling device and withdrawal of the platform (adapter) with the attached needle into the barrel.

FIG. 32 illustrates a side elevation partial side section view of an embodiment of the invention related to that illustrated in FIGS. 26 to 30. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 32 shows an adapter 130 which extends partially from the front end of the barrel 132. A standard Luer lock 134 is formed in the front end of the barrel 132. The Luer lock has a standard right hand thread 135. The barrel 132 has a left hand thread 137 to release the adapter 130 for withdrawal inside the barrel 132, after the syringe is used. A needle hub 136 carrying needle 140 fits on the tapered front end of adapter 130 and screws into the right hand thread of the Luer lock 134. A given clearance 138 permits the needle hub 136 to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel 132 after the adapter 130, hub 136, and needle 140 are unscrewed and withdrawn into the barrel 132 by rotation of the plunger and engagement of the plunger adapter connection mechanism. As described previously, a Luer tip may be a simple conical device which accepts the needle base. This design could also be used in this embodiment, thus eliminating the screw connection of the needle hub 136 and the Luer lock thread 135.

One advantage of the syringe design depicted in FIG. 32 is that the adapter 130, by partially protruding from the front of the syringe, provides a longer internal barrel length to accommodate longer needles. Another advantage is that by reducing the diameter of the platform needle combination, a thinner barrel can be manufactured. For a given capacity of syringe, this will allow the length of the syringe to be longer and therefore a longer needle to be accommodated within it. By placing the Luer lock threads in the barrel of the syringe rather than on the platform, the outer diameter of the platform needle combination is defined by the width of the needle hub and not by the supporting outer plastic Luer lock mechanism. It is therefore possible to ensure as long a barrel as possible for a given capacity. The standard 3 cc syringe represents a main portion of the syringe market. A standard 3 cc syringe is often used with a 11/2 inch needle for intramuscular injection. Accordingly, the barrel of a 3 cc syringe should be at least 21/2 inches long to accommodate the withdrawn needle, adapter and plunger connector all within the barrel. This is done by having the adapter protrude somewhat as shown in FIG. 32.

The foregoing embodiments discuss various means of enabling the plunger to be connected securely to the hub 6 of the needle 2, to enable the plunger 16, when withdrawn, to pull the hub 6 and needle 2 into the interior of the barrel 8. In some versions including the adapter, the adapter disengages if it (the plunger connector) is twisted in the wrong direction. This provides an overtightening safety feature. The adapter is released from the syringe if the correct rotation is used. It will be recognized that these are illustrative of specific embodiments and there are other possible ways to make a secure connection for the purpose of withdrawing the hub and needle into the interior of the barrel

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. A syringe comprising:(a) a hollow axially elongated barrel; (b) an adapter removably mounted at the distal end of said barrel and having a central fluid passage; (c) a ferrule carrying a hollow needle and adapted for removable connection with one of the barrel end and the adapter adjacent the barrel end, with the hollow needle in communication with the central fluid passage of the adapter; (d) a plunger axially movable in the hollow barrel; and an adapter engagement structure disposed at the distal end of the plunger and engageable with a mating connection engagement structure on the adapter in response to axial movement of the plunger toward the distal end of the barrel, said structures being cooperable to cause (1) relative rotation of the plunger end and the adapter in response to such axial movement, and (2) the adapter and needle ferrule with the needle attached thereto to part from the end of the barrel in response to subsequent relative rotation of the plunger and the barrel, thereby enabling the adapter and the needle ferrule with the needle attached thereto to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel when the plunger is withdrawn from the distal end of the barrel.
 2. A syringe as in claim 1 wherein the needle ferrule is removably coupled to the adapter with a threaded connection.
 3. A syringe as in claim 2 wherein the engagement structures on the adapter and at the distal end of the plunger include mating ramps connections.
 4. A syringe as in claim 1 wherein the adapter is detachably connected to the distal end of the barrel by a threaded connection of a first sense while the engagement structures between the adapter and plunger include a threaded connection of a second sense, opposite said first sense.
 5. A hollow adapter for the interior of a syringe having a barrel, and a piston axially movable within the barrel, said adapter releasably attaching a hollow needle base to the distal end of the syringe and comprising:(a) a fitting formed at the distal end of the adapter for releasably coupling to the base of the syringe needle; (b) a releasable engagement means formed on the exterior of the adapter for releasable engagement with the interior of the distal end of the syringe barrel; and (c) an engagement means formed in the proximal end of the adapter for engagement with the distal end of the plunger including a non-jamming spiral thread one revolution or less about an axis coincident with the barrel axis and a groove formed about the adapter at an axial location generally corresponding to the base of the thread.
 6. An adapter according to claim 5 wherein the releasable engagement means includes a male thread.
 7. A syringe as in claim 1 wherein the needle ferrule is releasably engaged with the distal end of the means by means of adapter, and the engagement means at the proximal end of the adapter engages with the plunger in response to rotation of the plunger end.
 8. A syringe as in claim 7 wherein the adapter is releasably connected to the end of the barrel by a female-male thread combination, the adapter having a spiral thread and drive surfaces, the plunger end having driving surfaces for engaging the drive surfaces on the adapter in response to relative rotation of the plunger end and the adapter and along said thread to align and engage the driving and drive surfaces of the plunger end and adapter, respectively, and thereafter for rotating the adapter relative to the barrel to enable axial withdrawal of the adapter and needle ferrule along the barrel.
 9. A syringe as in claim 5 wherein the needle ferrule includes a female Luer lock fitting, which is engaged with the adapter with a plain Luer tip or Luer lock male fitting.
 10. A syringe as in claim 7 wherein the adapter is threadedly couplable to the barrel and to the plunger with respectively opposite thread directions.
 11. A syringe as in claim 1 wherein the adapter is detachably connected to the distal end of the barrel by a threaded connection of a first sense while the engagement structures between the adapter and plunger includes a threaded connection of the same sense as said first sense.
 12. A syringe as in claim 1 wherein the needle ferrule is releasably engaged with the barrel end, the adapter being releasably connected to the end of the barrel by a female-male thread combination, the adapter having a spiral thread and drive surfaces, the plunger end having driving surfaces for engaging the drive surfaces of the adapter in response to relative rotation of the plunger end and the adapter and along said spiral thread and thereafter for rotating the adapter relative to the barrel to enable axial withdrawal of the adapter and needle ferrule along the barrel.
 13. A syring having a plunger axially movable within a barrel toward and away from a distal end of the barrel and a multiple engagement mechanism disposed at said distal end, said mechanism including first, second and third separate attachment areas for effecting selective individually controllable attachment respectively; (a) to said distal end of the barrel, (b) to the distal end of said plunger and (c) to a removable hollow needle base, wherein said second attachment area includes a hollow central protrusion having at least one helical track around an outer surface of the protrusion.
 14. A syringe as in claim 13 wherein said third attachment area mates with a standard Luer connector.
 15. A syringe as in claim 13 wherein said third attachment area mates with a standard Luer lock connector.
 16. A syringe as in claim 15 wherein said third attachment area cooperates with a Luer lock thread area located internal to the distal end of said barrel.
 17. A syringe as in claim 13 wherein said first attachment area includes a connection which may be removed from engagement with the barrel by rotational motion.
 18. A syringe as in claim 13 wherein said second attachment area further includes at least one snap-engagement also disposed on the outer surface of said protrusion but circumferentially spaced from said at least one helical track.
 19. A syringe as in claim 17 wherein said second attachment area includes a pair of said helical tracks and a pair of said snap engagements, the members of each said pair being spaced apart approximately 180° circumferentially.
 20. A device for use with a syringe barrel and piston and a removable hollow syringe needle having a standard connection, said device comprising:a central body having a central bore therethrough, a distal portion tapered to mate inside a standard hollow needle base and a proximal portion with engagement surfaces for receiving the distal end of a syringe piston latch; a radially projecting portion extending circumferentially and radially outwardly from said central body and disposed between said distal and proximal portions, said radially projecting portion being sized to fit within the distal end of a syringe barrel, said engagement surfaces of the central body including a pair of helical tracks disposed along the outside of said central body and terminating in linear axially and radially extending surfaces for engaging corresponding surfaces on the distal end of a syringe; and an externally threaded section on said adapter sized to removably mate within an internally threaded portion of he distal end of a syringe barrel.
 21. A device as in claim 20 wherein said adapter has a latching surface including at least one groove for engaging a projection carried by the syringe piston latch.
 22. A device as in claim 20 wherein said cylinder section includes an internal Luer lock thread surrounding the tapered distal portion of the central body.
 23. A device as in claim 20 wherein said radial projecting portion includes a flared outer rim to matingly seal against a flared portion of the distal end of a syring barrel.
 24. A syringe comprising:(a) a hollow, axially-elongated barrel; (b) an adapter carried by said barrel adjacent the distal end thereof and removable therefrom in response to rotation relative to the barrel, the adapter having a central fluid passage and adapted for removable coupling to a hollow needle; (c) a plunger axially movable in the hollow barrel; and (d) adapter engagement structure disposed at the distal end of the plunger and engageable with a mating connection engagement structure on the adapter, said structures having alignment, drive and connective pairs of respective engagement surfaces, said alignment pair of surfaces being engageable and relatively movable to align and engage said drive surfaces one with the other thereby to enable subsequent rotation of the adapter relative to the barrel in response to relative rotation of the plunger and barrel, said connective surfaces being engageable in response to substantially full axial insertion of said plunger in said barrel to connect the plunger and adapter one with the other, enabling the adapter and any attached needle to part from the end of the barrel and to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel when the plunger is withdrawn from the distal end of the barrel.
 25. A syringe according to claim 24 wherein said alignment pair of surfaces are rotatable relative to one another to align and engage said drive surfaces one with the other.
 26. A syringe according to claim 25 wherein said alignment pair of surfaces are relatively rotatable in response to axial movement of said plunger in said barrel and in a direction toward full axial insertion of the plunger in the barrel.
 27. A syringe according to claim 24 wherein said alignment surfaces comprise threads on said adapter and plunger, respectively.
 28. A syring according to claim 24 wherein said connective surfaces comprise a groove on one of said adapter and said plunger and a projection on the other of said adapter and said plunger for reception in said groove.
 29. A syringe according to claim 24 wherein said drive surfaces comprise a radially and axially extending flat on each of said adapter and said plunger.
 30. A syringe according to claim 29 wherein said drive surfaces have an axial extent greater than their radial extent.
 31. A syringe according to claim 29 in combination with a ferrule carrying said needle, said ferrule having a male thread, said adapter including a female threaded portion on a side thereof remote from said mating connection engagement structure for receiving the male thread of said ferrule.
 32. A syringe according to claim 29 in combination with a ferrule carrying said needle, said ferrule having a male thread, the barrel having an internally threaded portion for receiving the male thread of said ferrule.
 33. A syringe according to claim 29 including male screw threads carried by said distal end of said barrel.
 34. A syringe according to claim 33 including female threads carried by the proximal end of the plunger, said plunger having a weakened section intermediate its ends for breaking off a portion of the plunger, including the proximal end, upon withdrawal of the plunger from the distal end of the barrel whereby the broken-off portion may be threaded to the barrel by the cooperable male and female threads on the barrel and plunger end, respectively.
 35. A syringe according to claim 29 wherein said plunger has a weakened section intermediate the ends for breaking off a portion of the plunger including its proximal end upon withdrawal of the plunger from the distal end of the barrel, means on said barrel and plunger cooperable to prevent withdrawal of the plunger totally from within said barrel, said weakened portion lying outside the barrel upon withdrawal of the plunger to its fullest extent from the barrel.
 36. A syringe comprising:(a) a hollow, axially-elongated barrel; (b) an adapter carried by said barrel adjacent the distal end thereof and removable therefrom in response to rotation relative to the barrel, the adapter having a central fluid passage and adapted for removable coupling to a hollow needle; (c) a plunger axially movable in the hollow barrel; (d) cooperable rotary drive and driven surfaces on said plunger and said adapter, respectively; (e) connective surfaces on said plunger and adapter, respectively; and (f) means cooperable between the distal end of the plunger and the adapter to enable initial relative rotation therebetween in response to axial movement of the plunger in the barrel toward full insertion to (a) align the cooperable rotary drive and driven surfaces, respectively, one with the other end (b) engage the connective surfaces thereof enabling joint axial movement of the adapter and plunger and, (c) upon subsequent relative rotational movement of said plunger and barrel, enable said adapter to part from the end of the barrel and to be withdrawn into the interior of the barrel when the plunger is withdrawn from the distal end of the barrel. 